Wrong bolts to use in that application. Try the OEM bolts with a flanged head, throw those lock washers away, apply a single drop of blue locktite, use a torque wrench and your problem will be solved. Unless of course the theads in the wheel are all fukered up?
From looking at the length of bolt that broke off, I'd guess they were all loose enough to let the sprocket move out in order to get enough leverage to break the bolts. You'd never break 8 grade bolts if the sprocket was tight.
It also appears from the first pic that the bolts were moving around by the marks around the holes? At the very least, get a bolt that has a short shoulder in order to properly fill the holes in the sprocket. I use a little dab of silicone on the threads rather than locktite. Works great for me. My guess is, the main reason the bolts backed out is from hand tightening them. Always use a torque wrench and stager the bolts as you torque them just like you would on an engine head.
You are fortunate your problem is not MUCH more severe!